Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the recently delimited Southern Ocean). The Northwest Passage (US and Canada) and Northern Sea Route (Norway and Russia) are two important seasonal waterways. A sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes circumscribes the Arctic Ocean.
Area:
total:
14.056 million sq km
note:
includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East
Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea,
Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies
Natural resources:
sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)
Environment - current issues:
endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack
Ports and terminals:
Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)
Climate:
polar
climate
characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual
temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold
and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized
by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with
rain or snow
Terrain:
central
surface covered by
a perennial drifting polar icepack that, on average, is about 3 meters
thick, although pressure ridges may be three times that thickness;
clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly
straight-line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to
Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the icepack is
surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in
size during the winter and extends to the encircling landmasses; the
ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any
ocean) with the remainder a central basin interrupted by three
submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonosov
Ridge)
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Fram Basin -4,665 m
Environment - current issues:
endangered
marine species
include walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow
to recover from disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack
Geography - note:
major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia; floating research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10 months
Natural resources:
sand
and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and
gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)
Natural hazards:
ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May
Disputes - international:
the littoral states are engaged in various stages of demonstrating the limits of their continental shelves beyond 200 nautical miles from their declared baselines in accordance with Article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; record summer melting of sea ice in the Arctic has restimulated interest in maritime shipping lanes and sea floor exploration
Economy - overview:
Economic
activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, including
petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals.
Transportation - note:
sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important seasonal waterways
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